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Whitehead torpedo
The Whitehead torpedo was the first self-propelled or "locomotive" torpedo ever developed. It was perfected in 1866 by Robert Whitehead from a design conceived by Giovanni Luppis of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Many naval services procured the Whitehead torpedo during the 1870s, including the US Navy.〔 This early torpedo proved itself in combat during the Russo-Turkish War when, on January 16, 1878, the Turkish ship ''Intibah'' was sunk by Russian torpedo boats carrying Whiteheads.〔
The term "torpedo" comes from the Torpedo fish, which is a type of ray that delivers an electric shock to stun its prey.〔
==History==
During the 19th century, an anonymous officer of the Austrian Marine Artillery conceived the idea of using a small boat laden with explosives, propelled by a steam or an air engine and steered by cables to be used against enemy ships; his papers came into the possession of Captain Giovanni Luppis upon his death. Luppis had a model of the device built; it was powered by a spring-driven clockwork mechanism and steered remotely by cables from land. Dissatisfied with the device, which he called the "coast-saver",〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Robert Whitehead - a Brief History )〕 Luppis turned to Robert Whitehead, who then worked for ''Stabilimento Tecnico Fiumano'', a factory in Fiume, Austria.〔 In about 1850 the Austrian Navy asked Whitehead to develop this design into a self-propelled underwater torpedo.
Whitehead developed what he called the ''Minenschiff'' (mine ship): an 11-foot long (3.3 m), 14-inch diameter (35.5 cm) torpedo propelled by compressed air and carrying an explosive warhead, with a speed of 7 knots (13 km/h) and the ability to hit a target up to 700 yards (640 m) away.〔 In 1868, Whitehead introduced a solution to the stability problem for his torpedo: Pendulum-and-hydrostat control. The Austrian Navy bought the manufacturing rights to the Whitehead torpedo in 1869.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Artifact Spotlight: Whitehead torpedo )〕 By 1870 Whitehead's torpedoes were running at 17 knots (31.5 km/h). Still, there remained the problem of course correction: returning the torpedo to its correct course after it had deviated due to wind or wave action. The solution was in the form of the gyroscope gear, which was patented by Ludwig Obry, the rights to which was bought by Whitehead in 1896.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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